Eurasian Academy of Sciences Social Sciences Journal

WITNESSING IN CIVIL PROCEDURE AND LABOR LAW

2025-11-15T16:30:50+00:00

This study examines the theoretical and practical dimensions of the institution of testimony in labor law and addresses the process of evaluating witness statements as evidence in labor courts. In labor law, testimony is an important evidence for both the employee and the employer, and plays a critical role in shaping the trial process. Although labor relations are generally based on written documents, in some cases, witness statements must be resorted to due to the lack of written evidence or the lack of sufficient clarity of the existing documents. In this context, the study examines the legal basis of testimony in labor law, the capacity to testify, the rights and obligations of witnesses, the process of testimony in labor courts, and the reliability of witness statements. In the first part of the study, the concept of testimony and its place in labor law are evaluated within the framework of the Turkish Labor Law and relevant legislation. Who can testify in terms of capacity to testify, in which cases testimony is not accepted, and the obligation to testify are detailed. In the second part, the criteria for evaluating witness statements as evidence, the impartiality of witnesses, the reliability of statements, and how judges interpret these statements are discussed. In particular, frequently encountered situations in labor disputes have been analyzed in the light of case laws and court decisions. In the third section, the process of hearing witnesses in labor courts, summoning witnesses, procedures for hearing in court and recording statements in the minutes have been detailed. In addition, how witness statements are evaluated in cases of contradiction and which criteria are taken as basis have been explained. Finally, in the conclusion section of the study, the importance of witness evidence in labor courts has been emphasized and solution suggestions have been presented for the problems encountered regarding the evaluation of witness statements. It has been revealed that witness evidence in labor courts plays a critical role, especially in proving the unfair practices of the employer against the employee or in proving that the employee has not fulfilled his/her obligations. It has been determined that the objective and reliable nature of witness statements is of great importance in ensuring a fair trial process in labor law.

THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL VALUE OF THE HAMAS-ISRAEL AGREEMENT DATED JANUARY 15, 2025 WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CEASE-FIRE, HOSTAGE, FORCED DISPLACEMENT

2025-10-24T14:04:47+00:00

This research article has tried to comprehensively analyze the January 15, 2025 Hamas-Israel Ceasefire Agreement from the perspective of international law. Signed in the aftermath of the post-2023 escalation of hostilities in the Gaza Strip, the Agreement includes not only a temporary cessation of hostilities, which is of course a priority, but also critical issues regarding the delivery of humanitarian aid, the release of hostages, prisoner swaps and the forced displacement of civilians. In this framework, this study analyzes the legal nature of the ceasefire, its binding nature and the obligations of the parties in light of international humanitarian law, the Geneva Conventions and 1977 Additional Protocols, the United Nations Charter, Security Council resolutions and International Court of Justice decisions. The legitimacy of hostage and prisoner exchanges on the basis of the law of treaties and customary international law as well as the nature of forced displacement practices against civilians within the scope of war crimes are analyzed in detail. The Study, in addition, assessed the international status of Palestine, Israel's security policies and the impacts of the agreement on the regional balance of power, while also examining the legal responsibilities of international organizations and the third-party states. As a result of the researching, the study tried to reveal the necessity of a comprehensive legal framework for sustainable peace by emphasizing that the ceasefire is not only a political tool but also a mechanism that produces serious legal consequences.

HISTORY EDUCATION AND TEACHING IN VILLAGE INSTITUTES

2025-11-15T16:21:02+00:00

Village institutes have held a pivotal position in the development of the Turkish education system. Within the framework of the comprehensive educational initiative launched following the proclamation of the Republic, the mission of training teachers for rural areas was entrusted to these institutions. The preparatory work necessary for the establishment of these institutes began in 1935 and officially commenced operations with the legal regulation that came into effect on April 17, 1940. Village institutes demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in addressing the educational and development-oriented problems of rural areas. Through educators serving in rural settlements, students were equipped with practical production-based skills alongside theoretical knowledge. These institutions initiated an endeavor aimed at enabling citizens living in rural areas to benefit from scientific thinking systems through the teachers they trained. This initiative served as a concrete indicator that education could reach all strata of society. In this academic examination, the pedagogical model of village institutes, which hold an exceptional position in our educational history, and the methodology of history teaching in these institutions are addressed. The establishment rationale, educational philosophy and perspective of these institutions implemented with a vision of educational transformation, particularly the manner in which history lessons were conducted, their approaches to the discipline of history, curriculum programs, application methods, and educational materials are also included within the scope of the research. Village Institutes can be considered a manifestation of Atatürk’s foresight, and therefore, the infrastructure of the institutions was shaped during his leadership period, and the establishment process was initiated. In rural settlements constituting the majority of the country’s demographics, the aims were to instill national consciousness through education, foster human-centered values, bring rural areas and their inhabitants to a productive position, and develop villages directly where they are located by training educators and students with multifaceted equipment. The idea of creating a contemporary and modern individual profile, which was among the goals of the Republican administration, could be embodied through the importance attributed to education. The most effective application area for this understanding and thought was history education. In past periods, delivering education to rural areas had always posed a problem, with the issues of illiteracy and the education of the peasant population added to this. At this point, the institutes would step in to undertake the mission of eliminating these problems. With their unique structure, the institutes, which adopted a scientific, participatory, and democratic educational understanding, were also ensuring their formation as pioneers of progress and enlightenment while training individuals. With the emergence of various groups that could not grasp the educational philosophy of the institutes and began to criticize these institutions, inevitable changes began to appear in the institutes. With newly introduced reforms and legal regulations, first the basic philosophy and spirit of the institutes were eliminated, followed by the process of closure. It has been observed that history lessons in Village Institutes were attempted to be conducted in accordance with the principle of work education. When analyzing the curriculum program, textbooks, educational materials, teaching methodology, and application of the course, it has been determined that they present a coherent unity with each other. It has been concluded that the history course was conducted in line with an applied teaching approach that ensures the active participation of students, taking into consideration the conditions and realities of the period.

FROM MONDROS TO THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE: THE ROAD TO SAMSUN, GUIDED BY MUSTAFA KEMAL PASHA AND VAHIDETTIN TALKS

2025-11-15T16:37:33+00:00

The Ottoman Empire held a pivotal position in the history and tradition of the Turkic world, exerting immense influence until the 19th century. Its enduring power persisted until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1699, marking the first significant continuous decline since that date. The advent of science and technology gradually weakened the empire. The tumultuous events surrounding the Constitutional Monarchy, including the loss of its Balkan heartland and the Balkan Wars of 1912-13, led to the Ottoman Empire’s defeat and separation from World War I. The armistice of Mondros effectively brought the empire to a virtual end. However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the Sultan of the Caliphate, emerged victorious after a series of national struggles. On May 16, 1919, he embarked on a journey from Istanbul to Samsun aboard the bandirma ferry, symbolizing the beginning of a new era.

WELL / PIT TAX RECEIVED FROM WEAVERS DURING THE PERIOD OF THE AKKOYUNLUS AND THE HASANKEYF WEAVING LOOM (CUME / CUBE EXAMPLE)

2025-02-13T23:22:03+00:00

Since the day mankind has existed, the need for protection, nutrition and shelter, as well as the need to cover, has taken its place among the most important indispensables as a necessity of instinctive and climatic conditions. As a natural consequence of this, although people met their need for shelter and nutrition against wild nature and climatic conditions, they also met their need for covering in a primitive way in the early times, but over time, they have developed their need for covering with the use of animal and vegetable raw materials with the development of tools and equipment. It can even be said that the need to cover up was the first instinctive need to be met. One of the first activities undertaken for this purpose was weaving. From the archaeological excavations; it is thought that the first looping and primitive weaving, which dates back to 5500 BC, started in Mesopotamia and its surroundings in Anatolia. In the course of time, weaving looms, which were previously used primitively, were developed over time. The looms and loom tools used in weaving have also changed in the historical process, and finally, in the last quarter of the 19th century, modern looms began to be developed. Although it is not known how long the cume / cube loom, which constitutes our subject, has been in use, it is understood from the loom pits that there were hundreds of looms in Hasankeyf in the mid-20th century. In the early 21st century, the use of the cume / cube loom weakened, but it continued to be used, albeit sporadically.

RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS ADMITTED TO THE PALLIATIVE CARE UNIT

2025-11-15T16:14:04+00:00

Palliative care is a human-centered health service that aims to improve the quality of life of individuals with life-threatening diseases and their families and is provided with a multidisciplinary approach. With the increase in the elderly population and chronic diseases worldwide, the need for palliative care is increasing. In Turkey, the number of centers providing services in this field is increasing and more than 90 thousand patients were served in 2023. This study retrospectively examined the demographic and clinical characteristics, length of stay and discharge status of 155 patients hospitalized in the Palliative Care Center of Siirt Training and Research Hospital in 2023. 59.4% of the patients were male and 40.6% were female with a mean age of 61.7±15 years. The mean length of hospitalization was 11.17 days. While 81.9% of the patients were hospitalized between 0-15 days, 7.1% were hospitalized for 30 days or more. Discharge rate was 85.2%, referral rate was 7.1% and death rate was 7.7%. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (26.5%), cerebrovascular diseases (24.5%), diabetes mellitus (21.3%) and malignancy (12.8%). Bed sores were present in 14.8%, total parenteral nutrition in 42.6%, central venous catheters in 36.1% and urinary catheters in 41.3%. The findings are consistent with the national and world literature. In conclusion, the need for palliative care is increasing and early provision of these services can reduce the burden of the healthcare system. However, many patients do not benefit from these services sufficiently due to lack of knowledge and awareness. The fact that the study was conducted in a single center is a limitation and more comprehensive studies are needed.

EMOTION MANAGEMENT IN PROFESSIONAL LIFE: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW

2025-11-15T16:26:22+00:00

Individuals experience various emotional states both in their professional and personal lives. Emotions are an integral part of human behavior and play a decisive role in many areas, from one’s inner world to social relationships. People do not possess the ability to act completely independent of their emotions; however, through acquired skills, they can control their emotions and direct them toward their own goals. Emotions can influence an individual’s outlook on life, level of motivation, and job performance either positively or negatively. Therefore, effective management of emotions has the potential to enhance both morale and productivity.The impact of emotions on individual behaviors is also critically important for understanding organizational attitudes and behaviors. Emotional experiences cannot be considered independently of the context in which they occur, and it is well known that various emotions are experienced in workplace settings. In modern societies, the workplace is one of the primary environments where individuals undergo intense emotional experiences. The work environment cannot be approached as devoid of emotions; in particular, the influence of emotions becomes more pronounced in professions characterized by high levels of human interaction. In professional life, individuals are expected to keep their emotions under control and to direct them appropriately. This expectation is even higher in organizations such as educational institutions, where face-to-face communication is intense. Emotion management in organizations is not merely an individual process but also encompasses shaping the overall emotional atmosphere of the organization. The management of emotional climate (ECM) aims to foster positive emotions within the organization and minimize negative emotions, thereby increasing organizational effectiveness and job satisfaction. In this context, the importance of emotion management in the business world is increasingly emphasized. This study discusses the fundamental concepts related to the management of emotional climate and explains their connections to professional life in detail. First, the concept of emotion, its basic characteristics, and functions are addressed; then, various theoretical approaches and perceptions regarding emotions are examined. Finally, key concepts related to emotion and emotion management are explained, and the dimensions of emotion management at both the individual and organizational levels—namely ECM—are comprehensively evaluated. Furthermore, managing emotions in the workplace emerges as a significant factor in enhancing employee job satisfaction, motivation, and organizational commitment. In organizations where emotions are managed effectively, trust, cooperation, and a sense of belonging develop among employees, contributing positively to both individual and organizational success. In conclusion, emotion management in professional life supports individuals’ psychological well-being and forms the foundation for the sustainable success of organizations.