DEVELOPMENT OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES AND THEIR PLACE AND SIGNIFICANCE WITHIN THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL SECTOR

Abstract

Cryptocurrencies have emerged in recent years as a transformative innovation in the financial sphere, distinguished from traditional fiat currencies by their decentralized and digital characteristics. This novel asset class introduces unique market dynamics alongside new categories of risk. With the potential to broaden financial inclusion and enable faster, lower-cost transfers, cryptocurrencies are expected to enhance the efficiency of the financial system. However, their intensive speculative use and pronounced volatility may pose threats to financial stability. The risk of their use in illicit activities—such as money laundering and the financing of terrorism—also remains salient. States have adopted divergent policy approaches in light of these opportunities and risks; some have implemented prohibitive measures, while others have established regulatory frameworks to bring these assets under supervisory oversight. The ultimate impact of cryptocurrencies on the future of financial markets remains uncertain, and developments in the field are being closely monitored. Accordingly, countries must design robust policy frameworks that preserve financial stability and legal order while harnessing the potential benefits of cryptocurrencies. The concept of money, evolving from past to present, continues to transform in line with commercial and technological advances; in the current period, the strengthening trend toward digitalization has brought cryptocurrencies to the fore. Given their increasing recognition and expanding use cases, it is important to examine cryptocurrencies in depth. In this context, the study aims to analyze the theoretical foundations of money, to evaluate the cryptocurrency ecosystem theoretically based on the existing literature, and to delineate the financial landscape by examining the approaches of selected countries and international organizations worldwide, as well as that of Türkiye.